Ilawula, ihlele ama-ejensi omphakathi njengokukhuthaza, ukwenza lula izinhlelo ezichaziwe zenqubekelaphambili yezenhlalo, yezomnotho ngenjongo yokwenza ushintsho lukhange futhi lube khona.
Iyini inhloso yokuphathwa kwentuthuko?
I-Development Administration imayelana nemiklamo, izinhlelo, izinqubomgomo kanye nemibono egxile ekuthuthukisweni kwesizwe, ngokombono wokuthuthukiswa kwenhlalo-mnotho nenhlalo-politiki yomphakathi jikelele, okwenziwa izikhulu zeziphathimandla ezinamakhono namakhono.
Kuyini ukuphathwa kwentuthuko?
Inhloso ecatshangwayo yokuphathwa kwentuthuko, ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo lukahulumeni, ukugqugquzela nokwenza lula izinhlelo ezichaziwe zenqubekelaphambili yezenhlalo nezomnotho. Uma sibeka enye indlela, ukuphathwa kwentuthuko ukuphatha izinqubomgomo, izinhlelo, kanye namaphrojekthi ukuze kufezeke izinhloso zentuthuko.
Kuyini ukuphathwa kwentuthuko izici zakhona eziyinhloko?
Izinto ezisemqoka zemodeli yokuphatha intuthuko kwaba: Ukusungulwa kwezikhungo zokuhlela nama-ejensi. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwezinhlelo zokuphatha ezimaphakathi. Ukuphathwa komuntu siqu kanye nenhlangano kanye nezindlela.
Ubani ubaba wezokuphatha intuthuko?
NgokukaFerrel Heady, uGeorge Gant ngokwakhe uvame ukutuswa ngokuqamba igama elithi ukuphathwa kwentuthuko maphakathi nawo-1950s.
Yiziphi izinselelo zokuphatha intuthuko?
Inselelo enkulu yokuphathwa kwentuthuko yinkohlakalo kwezokuphatha. Uhulumeni ukhipha imali eningi yezinhlelo zentuthuko futhi leyo mali isetshenziswa ngokuphatha. Inkohlakalo ezingeni lokuphatha ivamise ukubonakala emazweni asathuthuka.
Ubani owanikeza umqondo wokuphathwa kwentuthuko?
Yasungulwa okokuqala ngu-UL Goswami ngo-1955, kodwa ukuqashelwa kwayo ngokusemthethweni kwanikezwa lapho IQembu Lokuphatha Ngokuqhathanisa le-American Society for Public Administration kanye neKomidi Lezombangazwe Ngokuqhathaniswa loMkhandlu Wocwaningo Lwezesayensi Yezenhlalakahle yase-USA lenza izisekelo zalo zobuhlakani.
Yiziphi izinkolelo-mbono ezine zentuthuko?
Inhloso enkulu yalo mbhalo ukuhlanganisa izici ezibalulekile zemibono emine yentuthuko: ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje, ukuncika, izinhlelo zomhlaba kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Lezi yizincazelo zethiyori eziyinhloko zokuhumusha imizamo yentuthuko eyenziwa ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka.
Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kokuphatha kanye nokuphatha intuthuko?
Emehlukweni phakathi kokuphathwa kwentuthuko kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi ngokwendabuko, ukuphathwa komphakathi okungokwesiko kugxile edeskini futhi kuvalelwe ngaphakathi kwehhovisi. Ukuphathwa Kwentuthuko kugxile emkhakheni. Yingakho abaphathi bentuthuko begcina ukuxhumana nabantu.
Yiziphi izici zentuthuko?
Lezi izi:
- Kuyinqubo eqhubekayo.
- Kulandela iphethini ethile njengobuntwana, ubuntwana, ubusha, ukuvuthwa.
- Izici eziningi zihlobene ekuthuthukisweni.
- Kuwumphumela wokusebenzelana komuntu ngamunye nendawo ezungezile.
- Kuyabikezelwa.
- Kuyinto kokubili quantitative kanye qualitative.
Imaphi amanani asemqoka we-Development Administration?
Kunamagugu amathathu okuthuthuka: (i) okokuziphilisa, (ii) ukuzethemba, kanye (iii) nenkululeko. Isondlo: Isondlo yikhono lokuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo zabantu. Bonke abantu banezidingo ezithile eziyisisekelo ukuphila obekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kwazo. Lezi zidingo eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, impilo nokuvikelwa.
Yiziphi izindlela zokuphathwa kwentuthuko?
Kuzodingidwa izindlela ezehlukene zocwaningo lokuphathwa kwentuthuko njengezidingo eziyisisekelo, ezopolitiki nomnotho, indlela yezemvelo njll. Lolu phiko luzophinde lubhekane neqhaza le-FW Riggs ekuphathweni kwentuthuko kanye nezimo zakamuva kulo mkhakha. .
Yiziphi izinjongo zokuphatha?
Abaphathi bezokuphatha baqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yenhlangano isebenza kahle nangempumelelo. Izinjongo eziyinhloko zomphathi wokuphatha ukuqondisa, ukulawula nokwengamela izinsizakalo zokweseka zenhlangano ukuze kube lula impumelelo yayo.
Ubani Osebenzise Ukuphathwa Kwentuthuko okokuqala ngqa?
U-Edward Weidner ungowokuqala ukuchaza incazelo ye-DA. Nokho, igama elithi “Development Administration” laqala ukusetshenziswa isisebenzi sikahulumeni waseNdiya u-UL Goswami ngo-1955 esihlokweni sakhe esithi “The structure of Development Administration in India”.